Direct observation

This is one of the most well known, powerful and useful tools in participatory research. Observing needs to be done in a systematic way, and direct observation is a good way to cross-check people’s answers to questions. Checklists can be used to help ensure certain factors are noted. PPA researchers and team members need to train themselves to observe:

·       Objects: for example a dilapidated toilet at a health facility;

·       Events : for example celebration of the Women’s Day in the village, the market day etc.

·       Processes: for example a committee meeting to decide on how funds given to the village will be used;

·       Relationships: for example the nature of collaboration between local Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and the village government; and,

·       People’s behaviour: for example how do men leaders respond to questions raised by women regarding the allocation of funds?

The key steps in drawing up an observation checklist include:

·       Thinking about the objectives & broad topics of the PRA/PLA exercise

·       Identifying indicators that you can assess through direct observation (These indicators make up the checklist).

During the actual observation:

·       Look out for the unexpected (or anything else that may be relevant.

·       Where possible or necessary participate in an activity (participant observation).

·       Standardise” techniques if different people / team members are making direct observation.